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Background: Diseases primarily inflicting prostate gland areinflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer.Prostate specific antigen is a glycoprotein and is expressed byboth normal and neoplastic prostate tissue. It has been widelyused in the diagnosis and management of patients withprostatic cancer. Studies from various research workersdiscuss the proportion of prostatic disorder among Indianstates like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Gujrat etc butthere is paucity of data from the rural areas. The present studywas conducted to find out the patterns of prevalence ofprostatic lesions among people of Rohtas district of Bihar andto correlate histology with respect to serum PSA levels inbiopsy specimens of men with prostatic disease.Materials and Methods: The study included 153 prostatictissue specimens (both transurethral resection of the prostateand prostatic biopsies) received in the Department ofPathology, over the period of 2-year from October 2017 toSeptember 2019. Relevant clinical data and serum PSA valuewas recorded, and Gleason’s microscopic grading was used tograde malignant lesions. Statistical analysis was performed inMicrosoft office excel 2007.Results: Mean age of presentation was 63 ± 10.56 years withmaximum incidence in the seventh decade of life. Onhistopathological examination, 52.9% had benign prostatichyperplasia, 35.9% had BPH with chronic prostatitis and 8.5%had adenocarcinoma. Other lesions encountered were highgrade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (3 cases), sarcomatoidcarcinoma (1 case). Inflammatory pathology (55/153) wascommon at all PSA levels. Patients with PSA >20 ng/ml werewere more likely to show cancer. There exists a positivecorrelation between the increasing PSA levels and chances ofadenocarcinoma, the findings were statistically significant.Conclusion: Our study suggests that most frequentlyencountered prostatic lesion was BHP, commonly seen in theage group of 51-60 year The malignant lesions were commonamong the males of more than 60 years. Strong correlation ofprostate specific antigen levels of > 20.1 ng/ml with carcinomaprostate was seen.
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Introduction: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP)are among the commonest medical disorders during pregnancyconstituting one of the greatest causes of maternal and perinatalmorbidity and mortality worldwide. In view of increasedmaternal and foetal morbidity and mortality associated withHDP and lack of definite predictive test for early identificationof the woman at the risk of HDP, this study was undertaken tocorrelate the raised serum beta hCG measured in early secondtrimester with prediction of HDP.Material and Methods: The study group consisted of A totalof 150 pregnant women attending Maharaja Agrasen hospitalOPD/IPD during their second trimester (14-20 weeks) ofpregnancy from Dec 2016 to Nov 2017.Results: Out of 146 cases studied, 129 cases remainednormotensive and 17 cases developed HDP. Out of 17 cases,8 cases had mild HDPs and 9 cases had severe HDPs. Weobserved that serum β hCG levels for those women (GroupA) who developed HDPs were significantly higher thannormotensive group (B). By using β hCG value of 2 MoM asa cut off, its sensitivity as a screening test for HDP was 58.8%,the specificity was 96.9%, and the positive and negativepredictive values were 71.43% and 94.70 respectively.Conclusion: My study showed that raised mid trimesterserum β hCG value can be used for prediction of Hypertensivedisorder of pregnancy before its clinical outset as well asdrawing special attention and care of cases having raised βhCG value from initial phase to prevent both maternal andfetal morbidity and mortality resulting from HDP. Our studyalso revealed correlation between raised mid trimester serumβ HCG value and severity of HDP.
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Background: With increasing life expectancy, number of old age people increased throughout the world, particularly more in the developing countries like India. Globally there are an estimated 605 million people aged 60 years and above. As the ageing population is increasing, the burden of their health problems is on a rise. To provide appropriate care for them there is a need to attain information about their morbidity pattern. Objectives: to study the morbidity pattern among the geriatric patients attending outpatient department of RHTC, Maner of IGIMS, Patna and to find out the difference in health problems between males and females, if any.Methods: This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted during September 2017 to February 2018 among 98 elderly patients, aged 60 years or above, who attended first time at the Out Patient Department of rural health training center, Maner of IGIMS, Patna and who fulfilled inclusion criterion.Results: In this study majority had normal nutritional status. Amongst morbidity, prevalence of locomotors problems was highest (63.26%) followed by depression (42.85%), refractive error (20.4%), hearing loss (18.2%) and cataract (15.3). Locomotors problems were significantly higher in women (93.75%) as compared to the men (34%). However, the prevalence of depression, refractory error, hearing loss and cataract were not significantly associated with gender.Conclusions: There is a need to deliver comprehensive geriatric health care services for prevention and control of chronic diseases and address the dual burden of disease among the elderly to promote healthy ageing.
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The aim of the present study is to optimize the growth conditions for improved production of alkaloids by promising marine actinomycetes isolated from marine sediments collected on Kakinada coast. The bioactive compounds were extracted from the isolated actinomycete using organic solvents and screened for alkaloids using qualitative tests. The presence of alkaloids in the crude methanol extract was confirmed by UV spectroscopic analysis and quantified by BCG method. The effect of pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth and fermentative production of alkaloids was optimized. The strain was improved for enhanced production of alkaloids by physical and chemical mutagenesis. The antimicrobial activity of the crude alkaloid extract was determined by the well diffusion method. The isolated strain exhibited the highest growth and alkaloid production at pH 6 and temperature 30oC in 7 days. The alkaloid production was significantly increased 4.5-folds with UV treatment for 30 min and further, 5.5-folds with ethidium bromide treatment(30µg/mL) for 1hr. The resultant double mutant strain exhibited significantly high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus compared to other bacterial strains with MIC index less than 4. The isolated double mutant strain of actinomycetes can be a potential source of antibiotic alkaloids.
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Background & objectives: Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae), the established vector for kala-azar is presently being controlled by indoor residual spray of DDT in kala-azar endemic areas in India. Search for non-hazardous and non-toxic biodegradable active molecules from botanicals may provide cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The present study was aimed at evaluating various plant extracts from endemic and non-endemic areas of Bihar for their insecticidal activity against sandfly to identify the most effective plant extract. Methods: Bio-assay test was conducted with larvae and adult of P. argentipes with different plant extracts collected in distilled water, hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were conducted for detection of active molecules. Results: Adults and larvae of sandflies exposed to the aqueous extract of Nicotiana tabacum resulted in 100 per cent mortality. The hexane extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum was found to kill 77 per cent adults but was ineffective against larvae. Bio-assay test of the ninth fraction (hexane extract-methanol phase) separated by column chromatography was found to be 63 per cent effective. The purple spot on the TLC of this fraction indicated the presence of a diterpenoid. HPLC of this fraction detected nine compounds with two peaks covering 20.44 and 56.52 per cent areas with retention time of 2.439 and 5.182 min, respectively supporting the TLC results. Interpretation & conclusions: The column separated 9th fraction of C. infortunatum extract was found to be effective in killing 63 per cent of adult P. argentipes. Compounds of this fraction need to be evaluated further for identification and characterization of the active molecule by conducting individual bio-assay tests followed by further fractionation and HPLC. Once the structure of the active molecule is identified and validated, it may be synthesized and formulated as a product.
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Abundance, community composition and density of zooplankton were analyzed in the shallow lake of Sultanpur National Park, Gurgaon, Haryana (India) from February, 2011 to January, 2012. A total of 42 species of Zooplanktons (23 species of Rotifers, 15 species of Brachiopods, 3 species of Copepods and 1 species of Ostrachopod) belonging to 19 genera, 12 families, 7 orders and 4 classes were recorded during the study period. Rotifers were the dominant group among zooplankton community, with 23 species and 9 genera, constituting 55 % of the total zooplankton population. High Shannon diversity index (2.5±0.05) was recorded during the season of monsoon indicating high diversity and minimum Simpson’s index (0.13±0.03) was recorded in the same season indicating low species dominance. Pielou’s evenness ranged from 0.64 to 0.97 but average evenness among the different seasons were not significantly variable indicating uniformity in zooplankton community.